In 1999, two psychologists, David Dunning and Justin Kruger, conducted a study in which participants were given a mathematics test. The results showed that individuals who performed poorly and received low scores consistently overestimated their own performance. In contrast, those who actually performed well tended to doubt their abilities and believed they might not have done as well as they did.

This phenomenon is known as the Dunning–Kruger Effect. It is a cognitive bias in which people with limited knowledge or skill overestimate their competence, while those with greater knowledge tend to underestimate theirs. The effect suggests that the problem is not simply that we know little, but that we fail to recognize how little we know.

History supports this idea, as many great thinkers acknowledged the limitations of human knowledge. Socrates famously expressed this awareness by saying, “I know that I know nothing $BTC

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