samuel-silver

في السنوات الأخيرة، حظيت تقنية البلوك تشين باهتمام واسع النطاق كتقنية ناشئة لتحقيق اللامركزية والشفافية والثبات في تطوير الأنشطة الإلكترونية عبر الشبكات العامة. وباعتبارها عملية سوقية أساسية، فقد خضعت المزادات لدراسة مستفيضة وطُبّقت في العديد من مجالات الأعمال نظرًا لكفاءتها ومساهمتها في التجارة العادلة. وتُتيح الميزات التكاملية بين البلوك تشين ونماذج المزادات إمكانات هائلة للبحث والابتكار. فمن جهة، تُوفر الطبيعة اللامركزية للبلوك تشين آلية موثوقة وآمنة وفعالة من حيث التكلفة لإدارة عملية المزادات؛ ومن جهة أخرى، يُمكن الاستفادة من نماذج المزادات لتصميم بروتوكولات الحوافز والإجماع في هياكل البلوك تشين. وقد جذبت هذه الفرص أنشطة بحثية وابتكارية هائلة في الأوساط الأكاديمية والصناعية على حد سواء؛ ومع ذلك، لا توجد مراجعة متعمقة للحلول والإنجازات الحالية. في هذه الورقة البحثية، نُجري مسحًا شاملًا لأحدث التقنيات لهذين الموضوعين البحثيين. ونستعرض الحلول الحالية لدمج البلوك تشين ونماذج المزادات، مع توليد بعض التصنيفات الموجهة للتطبيق. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، نُسلط الضوء على بعض تحديات البحث المفتوحة والتوجهات المستقبلية نحو نماذج البلوك تشين والمزادات المتكاملة.

Investor Assistance (800) 732-0330 www.investor.gov
Investor Alert
Binary options and Fraud
The SEC’s Office of Investor Education and Advocacy and
the Commodity Futures Trading Commission’s Office of
Consumer Outreach (CFTC) are issuing this Investor Alert
to warn investors about fraudulent promotion schemes
involving binary options and binary options trading
platforms. These schemes allegedly involve, among other
things, the refusal to credit customer accounts or reimburse
funds to customers, identity theft, and manipulation of
software to generate losing trades.
Binary Options
Binary options differ from more conventional options
in significant ways. A binary option is a type of options
contract in which the payout will depend entirely on
the outcome of a yes/no proposition.
The yes/no proposition typically relates to whether
the price of a particular asset that underlies the binary
option will rise above or fall below a specified amount.
For example, the yes/no proposition connected to the
binary option might be something as straightforward
as whether the stock price of XYZ company will be
above $9.36 per share at 2:30 pm on a particular day,
or whether the price of silver will be above $33.40 per
ounce at 11:17 am on a particular day. once the option
holder acquires a binary option, there is no further
decision for the holder to make as to whether or not
to exercise the binary option because binary options
exercise automatically. Unlike other types of options,
a binary option does not give the holder the right to
purchase or sell the underlying asset. When the binary
option expires, the option holder will receive either a
pre-determined amount of cash or nothing at all. Given
the all-or-nothing payout structure, binary options are
sometimes referred to as “all-or-nothing options” or
“fixed-return options.”
Binary Options Trading Platforms
some binary options are listed on registered exchanges
or traded on a designated contract market that are
subject to oversight by United states regulators such
as the seC or CFtC, respectively, but this is only a
portion of the binary options market. Much of the
binary options market operates through Internet-based
trading platforms that are not necessarily complying
with applicable U.s. regulatory requirements. The
number of Internet-based trading platforms that offer
the opportunity to purchase and trade binary options
has surged in recent years. The increase in the number
of these platforms has resulted in an increase in the
number of complaints about fraudulent promotion
schemes involving binary options trading platforms.
Much of the binary options market operates
through Internet-based trading platforms that
are not necessarily complying with applicable
U.s. regulatory requirements and may be engag-
ing in illegal activity.



Binary options
A binary option is a financial exotic option in which the payoff is either some fixed monetary amount or nothing at all.[1][2] The two main types of binary options are the cash-or-nothing binary option and the asset-or-nothing binary option. The former pays some fixed amount of cash if the option expires in-the-money while the latter pays the value of the underlying security. They are also called all-or-nothing options, digital options (more common in forex/interest rate markets), and fixed return options (FROs) (on the NYSE American).[3]

While binary options may be used in theoretical asset pricing, they are prone to fraud in their applications and hence banned by regulators in many jurisdictions as a form of gambling.[4] Many binary option outlets have been exposed as fraudulent.[5] The U.S. FBI is investigating binary option scams throughout the world, and the Israeli police have tied the industry to criminal syndicates.[6][7][8] The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) has banned retail binary options trading.[9] Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC) considers binary options as a "high-risk" and "unpredictable" investment option, [10] and finally also banned binary options sale to retail investors in 2021.[11]

The FBI estimates that the scammers steal US$10 billion annually worldwide.[12] The use of the names of famous and respectable people such as Richard Branson to encourage people to buy fake "investments" is frequent and increasing.[13] Articles published in The Times of Israel newspaper explain the fraud in detail, using the experience of former insiders such as a job-seeker recruited by a fake binary options broker, who was told to "leave [his] conscience at the door".[14][15] Following an investigation by The Times of Israel, Israel's cabinet approved a ban on the sale of binary options in June 2017,[16] and a law banning the products was approved by the Knesset in October 2017.[17][18